The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most widespread viral infections globally. It’s often associated with sexual contact, but as Dr. Silvia Zambová from the Zagyn Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic in Michalovce points out, that’s not the only route of transmission.
“HPV can be found in both women and men, including those who have never been sexually active,” she explains.
What Does HPV Do?
There are over 100 different types of HPV. While some cause only cosmetic issues—such as mucosal growths and skin warts—many strains can lead to serious health complications.
“Many types are linked to various forms of cancer, appearing anywhere on the skin, external genitals, or even around the anus,” says Dr. Zambová.
The most severe cases are associated with cervical cancer, as well as cancers of the vulva, vagina, throat, anus, and penis. Symptoms can surface after highly variable periods.
“The time between infection and visible symptoms ranges from just a few days—as with warts—to up to 10 years in cases like cervical cancer,” she adds.
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Screening and Prevention – Women vs. Men
Women benefit from established gynecological screening programs that can detect early changes in the cervix linked to HPV infection.
“That’s why it’s so important for women to have a screening exam once a year,” recommends Dr. Zambová.
Men, on the other hand, are at a disadvantage—there is currently no systematic screening program for them. In many cases, HPV is only detected in men after their female partners test positive during a routine check-up.
How HPV Spreads
Due to increased global mobility and the widespread nature of HPV, prevention can be challenging. A common misconception is that condoms offer complete protection. But Dr. Zambová is clear: that’s simply not true.
“The idea that using condoms will guarantee you won’t get infected is a myth,” she states. HPV can spread through any contact involving mucous membranes, not just sexual intercourse.
One striking example from Dr. Zambová’s practice involved a mother and her three adult daughters. All tested positive for the same strain of HPV.
“The virus was first discovered in the daughters during routine exams. When the mother was tested, she too carried the same type, as did all adult women living in the same household,” she explains.
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The Only Reliable Protection: Vaccination
Since previous HPV infections don’t provide long-term immunity, a person can become reinfected with the virus multiple times. That’s why vaccination remains the only reliable method of prevention.
“Vaccination is not a treatment—it’s a way to boost your immune system so it can fight off HPV infection,” says Dr. Zambová.
Ideally, both girls and boys should receive the vaccine before becoming sexually active. However, vaccination is also beneficial for adults. Even individuals who have previously contracted HPV can reduce their risk of developing serious complications through immunization.
HPV vaccines are both safe and effective. “The first vaccines have been in use since 2005, and not a single case of a direct negative health effect has been documented,” Dr. Zambová emphasizes. “In 20 years of use, no impact on fertility or severe complications have been reported.”
Dr. Zambová
Lessons from History: Vaccination Saves Lives
Today, people have access to more information than ever before—but not all of it is accurate. Dr. Zambová emphasizes the importance of separating facts from misinformation, especially when it comes to vaccines.
“Thanks to vaccination, no one dies from diseases like whooping cough, measles, or smallpox anymore,” she reminds us. “In fact, many young mothers don’t believe these diseases ever existed—and certainly can’t imagine that children and adults once died from them.”
When it comes to HPV, vaccination is a key step toward eradicating the virus entirely. Countries like the United Kingdom and Australia have already committed to this goal by introducing large-scale HPV vaccination programs.
Early results are promising: populations with high vaccination rates are seeing a long-term decline in the incidence of serious HPV-related conditions.